USA kan være klar til at droppe krigen mod narko
Skrevet af: Rory Carrol, Poul Harris
Oprettet 08/08/2010.
Latinamerika presser på for at få USA til tage et opgør med den forfejlede krig mod narko, og internt argumenterer nu også Tea Party-bevægelsen på højrefløjen for legalisering.
Finanskrisen har givet argumentet nyt liv
VIL DU VIL SLIPPE FOR BØDER?
SÅ LÆS HER . . .
Folketinget har vedtaget en ny lov som betyder, at bøderne for besiddelse af stoffer nu
er blevet meget højere. Her nogle eksempler:
|
Mængde
|
1. gang
|
2. gang
|
3. gang eller mere
|
|
|
Hash
|
Op til 9,9 gram
|
2.000 kr.
|
3.000 kr
|
4.000 kr.
|
|
Heroin/kokain
|
Op til 0,9 gram
|
3.000 kr.
|
4.500 kr.
|
6.000 kr.
|
|
Piller (fx stesolid, Metadon, ketogan)
|
op til 49 stk.
|
3.000 kr.
|
4.500 kr.
|
6.000 kr.
|
MEN bliver man taget med en mindre mængde stof, som man har været stærkt afhængig
af gennem år, kan man slippe for en bøde og i stedet få en advarsel. En ”mindre
mængde stof” betyder indtil 0,2 gram heroin eller kokain, 10 gram hash, 10 stk. lægemiddeltabletter
(fx Stesolid, Metadon eller Ketogan) eller indtil 5 stk. morfintabletter.
For at slippe med en advarsel, skal man dog også være modtager af kontanthjælp eller
pension. Har man arbejde eller er man på dagpenge, kan man ikke nøjes med en advarsel.
Så får man en bøde, uanset hvor længe man har brugt stoffet.
Opfylder du betingelserne for at slippe for en bøde, så sig til politiet, at du:
er afhængig af stoffet og har været det gennem år
er på kontanthjælp eller førtidspension
ikke har mulighed for at betale en bøde
VIGTIGT !
Selv om man opfylder betingelserne for at kunne nøjes med at få en advarsel, kan det
dog blive svært at slippe for bøden, hvis man fx har en vægt på sig, har flere af de
pakker, som politiet kalder ”salgs-pakker” (som dog ligeså godt kunne hedde ”købspakker”),
små stykker papir til at lave pakker af, pølsemands-poser, eller hvis man har
et større pengebeløb på sig.
Der er kommet følgendende supplerende oplysninger:
For at slippe med en advarsel skal man være ”stærkt stofafhængig”, på overførselsindkomst (kontanthjælp eller pension) og derudoverbesidde maksimalt op til:
10,0 gram hash
50,0 gram marihuana
100,0 gram hampeplanter
0,2 gram heroin, kokain, morfinbase
1,0 gram råopium
0,5 gram amfetamin
1,0 gram canabiol/hasholie
10 stk. lægemiddeltabletter
5 stk. morfinpiller
1 – 2 stk. ecstasytabletter
Visse af disse lofter er dog – som vi også har anført overfor justitsministeren og Retsudvalget – sat alt for lavt set fra den praktiske virkelighed.
Vil man vide endnu mere, kan man læse dels forarbejderne til den ændrede lovgivning (www.ft.dk, Arkiv, Folketingsåret 2006-2007, L 201A), dels Rigsadvokatens meddelelse om sanktionspåstande i narkotikasager, som kan findes her: http://www.rigsadvokaten.dk/Default.aspx?id=63&recordid63=983.
Venligst udlånt af: Gadejuristen, Gasværksvej 15D, 3., København V, tlf. 33 31 00 75
National Times Australien
24. september 2009.
Juryen må se på forbuddet mod heroinbehandling.
Kronik af Alex Wodak M.d.
I oktober 1987, mens jeg rejste i udlandet for at lære om hiv og stiknarkomaner, brugte jeg en aften i et ”Shooting Gallery” i Brooklyn, New York City. I observerede i timevis, mens fire latinamerikanske mænd og kvinder injicerede ”speedballs” som er heroin blandet med kokain. Det var en livsændrende oplevelse. Vi var i kælderen i en forfalden, forladt kasernebygning. Der var ingen elektricitet. Udslidte biler var stablet op på sten med knuste ruder. Dette var storbyernes elendighed helt utænkelig i Australien.
At bære rundt på sprøjteudstyr i gaderne var alt for risikabelt, især for minoriteter. At leje et ”Shooting Gallery” for et par timer reducerede risikoen for at blive generet af politiet. Kanyler og sprøjter blev leveret, men gevinsten var at de allerede var blevet brugt af mange andre mennesker. Jeg betragtede de fire injiceres med ringe hensyntagen til hygiejne. Tænkte på tilsvarende situationer i Australien, jeg spekulerede på, hvorfor disse amerikanske brugere havde så lidt bekymring for deres fremtid. Så indså jeg, at en ordentlig uddannelse, en ordentlig bolig eller et rimeligt stykke arbejde ville have været umuligt drømme. Håb om et bedre liv for deres børn eller børnebørn? Glem det. Derimod ville svingdøren i fængsel, være en alt for velkendte virkelighed. Det var da jeg først blev interesseret i ulighed og ulovlig brug af narkotika. Ulighed har været et gennemgående tema i ulovlige stoffer. Australiens første love om narkotika i slutningen af det 19. århundrede forbød rygning af opium i South Australia, Victoria og NSW. De eneste opiumsrygere derefter var de kinesiske minearbejder i Guldfeltet. Amerikanske missionærer i det 19. århundrede blev vidner til den forfærdelige ulykke som følge af den britiske tvangsopium til kineserne. Kina forsøgte at stoppe den daværende mere magtfulde englændere, men tabte begge opiumskrige. De erfaringer, hjalp omgående USA til at indkalde den internationale Opium Kommissionen i Shanghai i 1909, lægger op til globalt narko forbud. Tres år senere erklærede USA’s præsident Richard Nixon krig mod narkotika. Nixon’s rådgiver John Ehrlichman sagde: ”Se, vi forstod at vi ikke kunne gøre det ulovligt at være ung eller sort i USA, men vi kunne kriminalisere deres fælles glæde. Vi forstod, at narkotika ikke var det sundhedsproblem, som vi gjorde det ud for at være, men det var et alt for perfekt emne for Nixons Hvide Hus, til at vi kunne modstå det.” Den effektive politiske strategi viste sig at være en politisk katastrofe. Mens politikere i mange lande konkurrerede om at have den hårdeste politik, steg narkotika produktionen ligesom forbruget og dødsfald forøgedes, sygdom, kriminalitet og korruption steg ligeledes støt. De seks dødsfald på grund af overdosis i Australien i 1964 steg til mere end 1100 i 1999. Flere videnskabelige undersøgelser pegede på, at ordination af heroin til de hårdest afhængige af heroin, de intravenøse stofbrugere, som ikke havde nydt godt af alle andre typer af behandlinger og straffe, indebar reelle fordele for den enkelte og samfundet.
I 1997 konkluderede en stor schweizisk undersøgelse, at for denne minoritet af fastlåste heroinbrugere, som aldrig havde nydt godt af gentagne episoder med forskellige behandlinger eller fængsel, ved at give dem heroin som en del af deres behandling, fandtes der er enorme fordele, med få bivirkninger. Deres fysiske og psykiske sundhed forbedres betydeligt. Forbruget af gadenarkotika falder. Kriminalitet, målt på tre forskellige måder, falder betydeligt. Behandlingen var meget dyrere end standard metadonbehandling, men for hver eneste schweiziske franc programmet koster, der var gevinst på to schweiziske franc.
Strenge videnskabelige undersøgelser blev derefter også lavet i Holland, Spanien, Tyskland og Canada. Alle viste lignende resultater og alle blev offentliggjort i anerkendte tidsskrifter. I denne måned blev resultaterne af en britisk undersøgelse frigivet. Også her svarede resultaterne til de tidligere undersøgelser. I alle var heroin selvadministreret under streng overvågning. Rigelig høj kvalitet, af psykologisk og social støtte blev givet. Efter et årti med heroin-understøttet behandling i Schweiz, bliver behandlingen stadig kun givet til 5 procent af dem, der søger hjælp.
Dette lille mindretal af de stærkt afhængige stofbrugere er så vigtigt, fordi de tegner sig for en uforholdsmæssig stor andel af den narkotikarelaterede kriminalitet. I en national folkeafstemning sidste år i Schweiz, støttede 68 pct at fastholde heroin-understøttet behandling, som en sidste udvej. Hollænderne giver nu også behandling. Tidligere på året, stemte 63 procent af medlemmerne af det tyske parlament, for at give heroin-støttet behandling. Alle større politiske partier i Danmark støttede for nylig heroinbehandling. Australske forskere undersøgte i 1990′erne heroin-støttet behandling i mere end fem år. I juli 1997, stemte sundhed og politi ministre seks mod tre for at støtte en retssag, men premierminister John Howard blokerede processen og hævdede, at det ville ”sende det forkerte signal”. Tolv år senere, ligger budskabet fra den videnskabelige dokumentation klar: Hvis vi ønsker at hjælpe stofmisbrugere, deres familier og lokalsamfund, så bør ordination af heroin være en del af den pakke, som vi leverer. Men vi skal også forsøge at mindske omfanget af ulighed i vores samfund. Der er stigende tegn på, at mere ulige samfund har dårligere folkesundheds resultater, med højere forbrug af ulovlig narkotika, psykiske sygdomme, fedme og kriminalitet. På et tidspunkt, hvor vores skattesystem er under revision, er debatten om at reducere ulighed i Australien nødvendig. Vi bør give heroinbehandling nu til det lille mindretal med meget alvorlige problemer, som ikke har nydt godt af gentagne episoder med andre behandlinger.
Alex Wodak er direktør for Rusmiddelforskning Service på St. Vincent’s Hospital, Sydney.
Oversat fra engelsk af Jørgen Kjær
ABC News – Media Awareness Project
War On Drugs, A War On Ourselves
Show hosted by John Stossel
Note: This documentary is on line as audio files at
http://highwire.stanford.edu/~straffin/dp/
and a video file at
http://www.crrh.org/hemptv/news_ABCnewsJ.html
Note: Prepared by Burrelle’s Information Services, which takes sole
responsibility for accuracy of transcription.
Cited: Judge James Gray http://www.judgejimgray.com/ Sanho Tree
http://www.ips-dc.org/projects/drugpolicy.htm
Thanks: To everybody who helped make this documentary possible, is
spreading the word about it; and also to DRCNet http://www.drcnet.org
NORML http://www.norml.org and others for their follow-up alerts to
this
WAR ON DRUGS, A WAR ON OURSELVES
ANNOUNCER This is an ABC News Special. The world is going to pot.
Country by country, drug laws are going up in smoke.
ANNOUNCER In Amsterdam, we found a new Dutch treat: coffee shops with
marijuana on the menu. RED Chocolate bon-bons. We have them in all three
kinds of chocolate.
ANNOUNCER And a church basement where addicts have their prayers
answered.
JOHN STOSSEL, ABC NEWS Feel good? (Man nods)
JOHN STOSSEL Feel great?
ANNOUNCER But in America, police smash down doors, filling prisons with
thousands of drug offenders.
GIRL I just say my mom’s living in New York. I don’t like to tell them
where she is.
ANNOUNCER Now this police chief says it’s a losing battle.
CHIEF JERRY OLIVER, DETROIT POLICE DEPARTMENT It’s insanity to keep
doing the same thing over and over again. ANNOUNCER Should America be leading the war on drugs or following Europe’s new tolerance?
JUR VERBEEKS When we interfere, then the problem is more bigger.
ANNOUNCER The president says we have to spend billions to fight drugs
because…
PRESIDENT GEORGE W BUSH Drug use threatens everything. Everything.
ANNOUNCER But this judge says it’s time to make drugs legal.
JUDGE JAMES GRAY, SUPERIOR COURT, CALIFORNIA So, let’s make it available
to adults–brown packaging, no glamour.
JOHN STOSSEL It means government as drug dealer.
ANNOUNCER So much time and money spent, is it hurting the drug trade or
Americans? Tonight, War On Drugs, A War On Ourselves.
ANNOUNCER Here is John Stossel.
JOHN STOSSEL, ABC NEWS Have you used illegal drugs? The government says
a third of you have, and about 5 percent of you use them regularly. It’s
probably more, because how many people answer honestly when the
governmentasks? So what do we do about this? America’s approach has been to go to war.
1ST OFFSCREEN VOICE What’s the time?
GROUP OF POLICE OFFICERS (In unison) It’s show time!
JOHN STOSSEL (VO) Police departments fight the war every day.
1ST POLICE OFFICER Put your hands up.
2ND POLICE OFFICER Turn the car off!
3RD POLICE OFFICER Police! Lay on the floor.
4TH POLICE OFFICER Lay down. Lay down.
5TH POLICE OFFICER Police! Search warrant!
PRESIDENT GEORGE W BUSH When we fight against drugs, we fight for the
soulsof our fellow Americans.
6TH POLICE OFFICER Get down. Get down.
JOHN STOSSEL (VO) There’s pressure on police to do more.
CHIEF JERRY OLIVER, DETROIT POLICE DEPARTMENT Pressure from the
politicians or pressure from the community to do something about it.
JOHN STOSSEL (VO) Jerry Oliver is Detroit’s police chief.
JERRY OLIVER It puts policing in the position of being involved in
tactics that are desperate.
7TH POLICE OFFICER Police!
JOHN STOSSEL (VO) What does he mean by desperate?
JERRY OLIVER Since the transactions are normally between a willing buyer
and a willing seller, it causes the police to snoop. (In police car) Out
of state tag, 9-5… (To reporter) …to sneak, to stoop and to snare
individuals sometimes in ways which, even though I’m in the business and
I know that it is legal, it’s questionable. (In police car) It’s clear
downthere. You can send those decoys in.
JOHN STOSSEL (VO) He may say it’s questionable, but on this day his
officers are out on the street pretending to be dealers. Dozens of
people drive up and ask to buy drugs. Then the cops radio ahead.
JERRY OLIVER Fourteen, she’s out now. You can come make your move.
JOHN STOSSEL (VO) They tell uniformed officers, ‘Arrest the customer.’
1ST WOMAN What’s the problem?
8TH POLICE OFFICER You know what you did there, right?
1ST WOMAN Nothing. I was attempting to buy some marijuana.
8TH POLICE OFFICER That’s all you had to say, ma’am.
JOHN STOSSEL (VO) Fifty police officers were involved in this sting,
although most of those arrested were trying to buy less than $25 worth
of pot. Even when they make a big seizure, the head of narcotics isn’t
convinced that they’re making progress.
1ST MAN Last year we had probably our largest cocaine seizure in
history.
However, it hasn’t seemed to have an impact on drying up the amount of
drugs are that actually coming into the city.
JOHN STOSSEL (VO) “Hasn’t had an impact.” That’s the story all over
America. In the past 10 years arrests have gone up nearly 50 percent,
But the number of users and the supply of drugs has stayed about the same.
9TH POLICE OFFICER Here you go.
10TH POLICE OFFICER Got it? Got some more?
JOHN STOSSEL Are we making progress?
ASA HUTCHINSON, DRUG ENFORCEMENT AGENCY ADMINISTRATOR Absolutely.
JOHN STOSSEL (VO) Asa Hutchinson, President Bush’s choice to run the
DEA–the Drug Enforcement Administration–travels the world telling
People we’re winning the drug war.
ASA HUTCHINSON Overall drug use in the United States has been reduced by
50 percent over the last 20 years.
JOHN STOSSEL (VO) But was that because of government’s policies, or was
it just people wising up after the binges of the ’70s. (OC) Drug use is
down.It’s not down lately. The last 10 years, it hasn’t dropped.
ASA HUTCHINSON The–we have flat-lined. I believe we lost our focus to a
certain extent.
JOHN STOSSEL It is hard to see how we lost focus because you’re spending
more.
ASA HUTCHINSON I don’t believe that we had the same type of energy
devoted to it as we have in certain times in the past.
11TH POLICE OFFICER Open up!
JOHN STOSSEL (VO) It’s not clear how you’d measure energy, but federal
spending on the drug war has kept going up. It’s up 50 percent over the
past 10 years. And President Bush wants still more.
GEORGE W BUSH …to reduce illegal drug use in America.
JOHN STOSSEL (VO) And that’s just the Washington money. Cities and
states spend still more.
JERRY OLIVER Up to three-quarters of our budget can somehow be traced
back to fighting this war on drugs.
JOHN STOSSEL (VO) Three-quarters of the budget, yet the drugs are
available as ever.
12TH POLICE OFFICER Didn’t I just ask you if you had some heroin on you?
2ND MAN That was–that–I–I didn’t even have this in my pocket, man.
JOHN STOSSEL (VO) Since the arrests fail to stop the sellers, a newer
tactic is to have authorities go after buyers.
13TH POLICE OFFICER Have a good day.
JOHN STOSSEL (VO) Here in Detroit, they’re confiscating cars.
JERRY OLIVER This vehicle now belongs to city of Detroit’s Narcotic
Bureau.
JOHN STOSSEL (VO) This officer’s car–now chasing down a drug buyer–was
confiscated on a previous raid. They’ve taken so many cars, the police
lot looks like a dealership.
3RD MAN Can I take my truck home or no?
2ND OFFSCREEN VOICE No.
JOHN STOSSEL (VO) It costs people $900 to get their car back.
JERRY OLIVER We’re taking cars, we’re taking property, we’re taking
houses.
JOHN STOSSEL (VO) Taking them and selling them. They bust up the
furniturejust to get rid of it. They don’t even save the TV sets. Too much
trouble, say the police. We just want to clear out the house and sell it.
2ND WOMAN Wonderful, wonderful. They should take it.
JOHN STOSSEL (VO) Most of the neighbors are thrilled.
2ND WOMAN Good, take the house. Take the one next to it. Take the
furniture and take the owners to court.
JOHN STOSSEL (VO) But when government confiscates houses or cars and
sellsthem, it keeps the money. The drug war gives officials an incentive to take more. Is this what we want, all the seizures, all the arrests?
JERRY OLIVER We will never arrest our way out of this problem. All you
haveto do is go to almost any corner in any city, it will tell you that.
JOHN STOSSEL (VO) Oliver was once a big believer in the drug war. Not
anymore.
JERRY OLIVER If we did not have this drug war going on, we could spend
more time going after robbers and rapists and burglars and murderers. That’s what we really should be geared up to do. Clearly we’re losing the war on drugs in this country. (To suspect) You told me you wasn’t going to–you was going to stop selling dope. (To reporter) It’s insanity to keep doing the same thing over and over again.
JOHN STOSSEL “Insanity?” It’s an odd statement from a police chief, but
we hear the same frustration from others. In 1998 we visited this
neighborhoodin the Bronx, a neighborhood struggling with drugs and crime. Four yearsand 15,000 narcotics arrests later, the drug dealers are still
everywhere.The kids know where they are.
4TH MAN Every single block, find over there, over there, down there.
JOHN STOSSEL (VO) And the violence is constant. Every week they hear
gunshots.
3RD WOMAN I fear for my child. I mean, every morning she walks to
school.
What–what am I supposed to do, buy her a bulletproof vest? I mean, this
is really serious.
4TH WOMAN Gunshots going off, 9:30, 10:30, 11:30. I’m scared.
JOHN STOSSEL The government says we’re winning the war on drugs.
4TH WOMAN Well, not on Briggs Avenue and 196th Street, they’re not.
JOHN STOSSEL Overall, crime is down in America and in the South Bronx,
too.
But drug use, the drug supply? Plentiful. If we’re waging a war, it is
hardto see how we’re winning.
ANNOUNCER Next, “Reefer Madness.” (Clip shown from “Reefer Madness”)
ANNOUNCER The movie, the myth and the truth, when we return. (Commercial
break)
ANNOUNCER War On Drugs, A War On Ourselves, continues. Once again, John
Stossel.
JOHN STOSSEL We know the terrible things drugs can do. We’ve seen the
despair, the sunken face of the junky. No wonder those in government say
we’ve got to stop that, we have to fight drugs. (Clip shown from drug
commercial)
JOHN STOSSEL (VO) The government-subsidized ads are a vivid reminder of
what drugs can do to people and their families. (Clip shown from drug
commercial)
JOHN STOSSEL (VO) Polls show most Americans agree, drug use should be
illegal. (Clip shown from drug commercial)
JOHN STOSSEL (VO) Or as former drug czar Bill Bennett put it…
BILL BENNETT This is a deadly and poisonous activity, it should be
Against the law. People should be in prison for long periods of time for doing
it. It’s a–it’s a matter of right and wrong.
JOHN STOSSEL (VO) But when right and wrong conflict with supply and
demand, nasty things happen. Government declaring drugs illegal doesn’t mean
people can’t get them. It just means they get them on the black market where
they pay much more for them.
FATHER JOSEPH KANE The only reason that coke is worth that much money is
that it’s illegal. Pure cocaine is three times the cost of gold. Now, if
that’s the case, how are you going to stop people from selling cocaine?
JOHN STOSSEL (VO) Father Joseph Kane is a priest in that Bronx
Neighborhood we saw earlier.
JOSEPH KANE Peace, my brother. God bless you.
JOHN STOSSEL (VO) He’s come to believe that while drug abuse is bad,
drug prohibition is worse because the black market does horrible things to
his community.
JOSEPH KANE There’s so much money in it. I mean, it’s staggering.
JOHN STOSSEL (VO) The war on drugs designed to help Americans has had
three unintended consequences. First, it sucks children into the underworld.
Second it corrupts cops. And third, it creates crime. Let’s take them in
order.
JUDGE JAMES GRAY, SUPERIOR COURT, CALIFORNIA We are recruiting children
in the Bronx, in–in barrios, all over the nation because of drug money.
JOHN STOSSEL (VO) Judge James Gray is a superior court judge in Orange
County, California, who spent years locking drug dealers up. But now
he’s concluded it’s pointless, because drug prohibition makes the drugs so
absurdly valuable.
JAMES GRAY The money to be made from the sale of the illegal drugs is a
bigger problem than the drugs themselves.
JOHN STOSSEL (VO) Judge Gray drove with us through Father Kane’s
neighborhood.
JAMES GRAY Why should a kid in this neighborhood work in this corner
grocery when he can make five times the amount of money in an afternoon
selling drugs?
JOHN STOSSEL Is that right? Is the money that good?
GROUP OF MEN It is.
5TH MAN That’s how it started out. I saw every–I saw all the things
that the drug money would get other people.
JOHN STOSSEL (VO) These young men, now ex-cons, say they were sucked
into the drug trade by their local role models: the dealers. (OC) They were
the cool people in the neighborhood?
5TH MAN Yeah, you could say–that people looked up to.
6TH MAN You see somebody, you know, they got a fancy car and they got
nice jewelry and all the girls are after them, you know? And you just get
that, you know, that mentality that that’s–that’s the right thing to do.
JOSEPH KANE What guy would look for a job if you can make $300 an night?
I mean, it’s almost un-American to say, ‘I can make this much money, but
I’m not going to do it.’
JAMES GRAY It’s economics 1-A. The drug money is corrupting our
children.
It is corrupting ow law enforcement officers.
JOHN STOSSEL (VO) Corrupt cops, that’s the second unintended consequence
of drug prohibition. Cops like these are seduced by drug money. They have
been for years.
3RD OFFSCREEN VOICE While you were in uniform and on duty, did you
commit thefts?
7TH MAN Yeah.
3RD OFFSCREEN VOICE What would you steal?
7TH MAN Money and drugs. JOHN STOSSEL (VO) “Money and drugs.” The
temptation is so huge.
DRUG DEALER (From hidden camera) One hundred, 200, three, four, five,
six…
JOHN STOSSEL (VO) Here, the man on the right, a San Antonio cop, waits
to
be paid after delivering what he was told was 20 pounds of cocaine. His
take is $3,000.
DRUG DEALER (From hidden camera) Three thousand.
14TH POLICE OFFICER (From hidden camera) Goddamn.
DRUG DEALER (From hidden camera) All right, man. That’s yours.
JOHN STOSSEL (VO) He eagerly scoops up the money.
JERRY OLIVER With all of the money, with all of the cash, it’s easy,
then, to purchase police officers, to purchase prosecutors, to purchase
judges.
JOHN STOSSEL (VO) This drug dealer used to make $20,000 a weekend with
the help of the police. (OC) So the cops know and just…
8TH MAN Of course. How else can you exist? It’s not like it’s a big
covert operation. It’s out in the open. The cops are just another gang.
JOHN STOSSEL Most of the time when you dealt you had some cops on your
payroll?
8TH MAN Of course.
JOHN STOSSEL The third and probably worst unintended consequence is the
drug crime. Films like “Reefer Madness” have told us people take drugs,
just go crazy (sic). (Clip shown from “Reefer Madness”)
JOHN STOSSEL (VO) But think about it. In reality, do people go crazy,
get violent because they’re high on drugs? Rarely.
JOSEPH KANE First of all, violence comes from the fact that it’s
illegal.
JOHN STOSSEL (VO) The violence happens because dealers arm themselves
and have shoot-outs over turf.
REPORTER (From unidentified news program) An innocent bystander is hit
during a shoot-out.
JOHN STOSSEL (VO) And the violence happens because addicts steal to pay
the high prices for drugs. Nicotine is about as addictive as cocaine or
heroin.
But no one’s knocking over 7-11s to get Marlboros or Budweiser.
JOSEPH KANE Most people are not afraid of the legal “pushers.” They’re
not afraid of the supermarkets selling alcohol. I don’t see them shooting
each other. But if you make the substance illegal, they will use violence
because there’s no other way of handling the problem.
JOHN STOSSEL (VO) That’s what happened in the 1920s when government made
alcohol illegal.
FILM ANNOUNCER (From unidentified film) For 13 years the idiocy
continued.
JOHN STOSSEL (VO) It was alcohol prohibition that gave rise to criminals
like Al Capone.
FILM ANNOUNCER (From unidentified film) Gangsterism was the national
sequel, and battles for exclusive territories erupted with a violence
unparalleled in the history of law enforcement.
JOSEPH KANE The people who were against alcohol were sincere, I suspect.
But they didn’t see the implications. We know the implications in the
Year 2002. We know that prohibition doesn’t work for alcohol. Why would it
work for anything else?
JOHN STOSSEL (VO) The profits from today’s drug prohibition now funds
terrorism. The State Department says that’s how bin Laden got some of
his problems.
JAMES GRAY It’s the money that’s really causing the problems here. The
drugs are dangerous, without question. But the drug money is turn a
disease into a plague.
ANNOUNCER Next, America’s ferocious effort to cut the drug connection at
its source.
JOHN STOSSEL How much do you stop?
ASA HUTCHINSON What we’re doing is increasing the risk to the
traffickers.
JOHN STOSSEL Is this a way of saying that we don’t stop much?
ANNOUNCER When John Stossel continues. (Commercial break)
ANNOUNCER War On Drugs, A War On Ourselves, continues. Once again, John
Stossel.
JOHN STOSSEL The drug war, say critics, is not just a war on our own
people, it’s a war on other people, mostly poor people who live in
countries that produce our drugs. (VO) The United States spends billions
trying to keep drugs out of America. But no matter how much we spend or
how many special police units are trained and equipped, or how many drug
shipments police disrupt or intercept. It’s had little impact on the
amount of drugs found on America’s streets. They keep coming. This videotape
was made by an American drug buyer as he received a home delivery.
4TH OFFSCREEN VOICE (From video) Taking it on home to Grandma. It was a
perfect drop. Put it right in the middle of the strip.
JOHN STOSSEL (VO) So where do most of these drugs come from? (OC) Here
in Colombia, South America. This is a coca plant. It grows everywhere here.
It’s like a weed. The opium poppies are growing over there. (VO)
Colombia produces most of America’s heroin and most of its cocaine.
The coca plantsare are cultivated by farmers like these men who carve out fields in the remote jungle. Every four months or so, they strip the plants of their leaves and use a weed whacker to shred them. Then they squeeze the juice
out of the leaves which this farmer refined into coca powder. It took
him about a third of a year to produce a pound of it. What will he get for
that?
9TH MAN (Through translator) It’s worth approximately $2,200.
JOHN STOSSEL (VO) They don’t know exactly how much they’ll get until
they go by horseback or walk–sometimes for days in the jungle–until they
get to remote marketplaces like this one. Growing coca and selling cocaine
is illegal in Colombia, but here drug traffickers openly bid for the
farmers’ products. Rebel soldiers who control this area keep watch as the
bartering begins. Weight and purity are checked. This bag of powder, once made into cocaine, will be worth about a quarter of a million dollars on the streets of America. Now, these people know that some Americans may abuse their product. They know it’s against the law. (OC) So why are you still growing coca?
10TH MAN (Through translator) For me and any other peasant in the
region, it’s impossible to substitute what we make growing coca.
JOHN STOSSEL (VO) America spent millions trying to persuade these
farmers to grow anything else, but because of drug prohibition coca and poppies are so profitable, they’ve kept growing them. (OC) But the Clinton administration had a plan. It was called Plan Colombia. They’d persuade coca farmers to stop growing coca, to grow bananas and sugar cane
instead.
How? Well, they’d use a carrot and a stick. The carrot would be that
they’d pay them something, give them some farm instruments. The stick would be,
if they didn’t stop growing coca, we’d spray their fields. (VO) And we are, spraying them with herbicide that kills the coca and many other plants, too. The peasants have come to hate the planes.
11TH MAN (Through translator) First of all, it was the helicopters. Then
it was the airplanes. Everything around us was wet. Two days after that,
the leaves started to fall off the plants.
JOHN STOSSEL (VO) That convinced them to begin ripping up their coca
plants, and hope the planes won’t spray again.
KAREN HARBRED (ph) They know that–that–that–that the stick is there
and we are the carrot.
JOHN STOSSEL (VO) US Aid official Karen Harbred says the carrot’s all
the money America gives Colombia in hopes farmers will grow something
besides coca.
KAREN HARBRED We can certainly try to help them return to a legal
activity.
JOHN STOSSEL (VO) But will they? Whenever a farmer does this, it just
makes coca more valuable to those who do grow it.
SANHO TREE, INSTITUTE FOR POLICY STUDIES It’s the problem of–of
prohibition economics. When you try to constrict supply, then that
drives up the prices and the profits. And that lures more poor farmers into this economy.
JOHN STOSSEL (VO) Sanho Tree works for a Washington group that opposes
the drug war.
SANHO TREE So we’re talking about farmers who really have nothing left
to lose. This is not a moral failing on their part. They’re–they’re really up against the wall. And growing coca means the difference between being poor or starvation. And they’re not going to watch their children starve.
JOHN STOSSEL (VO) Even if they did obey the Americans and grew bananas
or pineapples, how would they sell them? The road we took into the coca
fields was one of the jungle’s best. Most of the area is accessible only by mule or foot. The farmers can carry coca paste this way, but it’s not practical to carry the bananas and pineapples we want them to grow.
12TH MAN (Through translator) Coca is the only thing that provides what
we need to support our families.
RAND BEERS So we will spray them again until they understand.
JOHN STOSSEL (VO) Rand Beers, undersecretary of state, says America is
not going to sit back and let farmers grow coca, no matter how poor they
are.
RAND BEERS An illegal activity is an illegal activity. And one doesn’t
get a special pass for being poor. They have to recognize that every effort to grow coca will be challenged by the government. Every work effort, every dollar, every pound of sweat that goes in to growing that coca may be lost.
JOHN STOSSEL Even if the spraying isn’t killing all the coca, it at
least reduces the amount that flows to America.
SANHO TREE Actually…
JOHN STOSSEL Isn’t that good?
SANHO TREE Actually, it doesn’t. It–the more money we have put into
this program, the more we spray, the more coca there is. What we’ve been
doing with our drug war is–is like squeezing a balloon. If you squeeze end, it pops out the other.
JOHN STOSSEL (VO) And the Bush administration now admits that after the
spraying the amount of coca under cultivation increased–increased by 25
percent last year says the CIA.
SANHO TREE Then these people just go further into the Amazon, they cut
down more rain forest and they plant more coca. And meanwhile, we’re chasing them with our spray planes.
JOHN STOSSEL (VO) In addition, America pays for helicopters, guns and
and military advisors, and encourages Colombia to wage war on those little
jungle factories where people convert coca plants into coca paste. The
police destroy the paste and the chemicals, and then they they poor
gasoline on everything…
COLOMBIAN POLICE OFFICER (Foreign language spoken)
JOHN STOSSEL (VO) …and toss a grenade in to burn the shack down. They
shoot their guns to scare off any traffickers who may be watching. Then
they make a hasty retreat in case the traffickers shoot back. Did this
make a difference? Not really. Because for every factory destroyed, there are many more in the jungle.
ASA HUTCHINSON We have not had the measure of success in the eradication
program in Colombia that we need or that we want to have.
JOHN STOSSEL How much do you stop?
ASA HUTCHINSON Well, I know what we’re doing is increasing the risk to
the traffickers.
JOHN STOSSEL Is this a way of saying that we don’t stop much?
ASA HUTCHINSON No, I think we–I think we stop a substantial amount.
JOHN STOSSEL Ten percent?
ASA HUTCHINSON I mean, whether you look at it as 10 percent, 20 percent
or 30 percent, there is some teen-ager out there that will not be able to
afford the drug, and it results in saving somebody’s life on the streets
of the United States.
JOHN STOSSEL (VO) And the spraying, the dumping of herbicide on acres of
Colombia? Since he admits this hasn’t worked, why keep doing it. (OC)
You’re squeezing the balloon. You say you’ve succeeded in Bolivia, but
that just moved it to Colombia. Now you’re spraying Colombia, it’ll move back to Bolivia.
ASA HUTCHINSON And the answer to that is we have to put pressure
everywhere if we’re going to have success. We’ve got to fight this battle
everywhere.
JOHN STOSSEL (VO) And we will continue to hunt down traffickers.
ANNOUNCER (From “World News Tonight”) This is “World News Tonight” with
Peter Jennings.
PETER JENNINGS, ABC NEWS (From “World News Tonight”) Good evening. The
king is dead. Pablo Escobar, the Colombian drug king.
JOHN STOSSEL (VO) Authorities were excited when Pablo Escobar was
killed.
PETER JENNINGS (From “World News Tonight”) …gunned down today by
Colombian police.
JOHN STOSSEL (VO) People said it would stop the supply of drugs. But it
didn’t, because the Cali cartel stepped in. Then they were arrested.
2ND REPORTER (From unidentified news program) The arrests are a mortal
blow to the drug cartels.
JOHN STOSSEL (VO) But they weren’t a mortal blow because others
Immediately took their place.
ASA HUTCHINSON Yes, others came in, more independent operators, to take
The place because there are substantial profits in the cocaine business.
JOHN STOSSEL In addition, the vast profits created by drug prohibition
Are beginning to tear this country apart. Law is breaking down. You think we
have drug crime in America? Here there are 10 murders a day. And now, of
all the countries in the world, the one where you’re most likely to be
kidnapped is Colombia. (VO) Political leaders are especially at risk.
(Clip shown of shooting at political gathering)
JOHN STOSSEL (VO) Here, a presidential candidate is gunned down by drug
traffickers at political rally. And there have already been 15 attempts
on the life of Colombia’s next president–here surrounded by his
bodyguards.
He decided to leave the country. He’s staying in Europe until his
inauguration next month. Colombia today is besieged by warring
factions–heavily-armed warring factions. This group, the FARCs, the
biggest. They’ve been fighting the government for years, and now they
videotape their battles. That’s what this is. And now the fight, which
was once about politics, is mostly about drugs because the money’s so huge.
The United States has declared the FARC a narco terrorist group. But our
spraying, our war on drugs, is winning the FARC new friends.
SANHO TREE We’re providing optimal conditions for these armed groups
to—to recruit. Once their farms get destroyed, they have nowhere else to turn.
So they’re associating the United States with death and destruction. And
This is not a way to win hearts and minds.
JOHN STOSSEL We’ll come back to America in a moment.
ANNOUNCER Next…
5TH WOMAN I’m an attorney. I pay my taxes. I live a good, clean life,
and if I feel like smoking a joint when I feel like it, that’s by my
business.
ANNOUNCER When we come back. (Commercial break)
ANNOUNCER War On Drugs, A War On Ourselves with John Stossel, continues
after this from our ABC stations. (Commercial break)
ANNOUNCER War On Drugs, A War On Ourselves, continues. Once again, John
Stossel.
JOHN STOSSEL People do abuse drugs. So, what do we do about it?
Government talks about treatment, but for the most part, our policy has been, `Lock them up.’ And we do arrest 4,000 people a day for selling or using
drugs.
13TH MAN I was just sitting there. I didn’t even touch anything.
JOHN STOSSEL (VO) Most of these people will be booked and released, but
every year thousands of Americans are jailed just for using drugs. And
jails are filled with people who sold drugs. Like these girls’ mom.
1ST GIRL I want to be able to say, `Mom I need help with this problem in
my homework. Mom, can you help me get–can you help me get my bath
started?’ I just want to have my mom there.
JOHN STOSSEL What did your mom do?
2ND GIRL She sold drugs.
JOHN STOSSEL (VO) She’s serving eight years to life.
1ST GIRL At my graduation, everybody was asking, like, `Where’s your
mom?’
JOHN STOSSEL What do you tell them?
1ST GIRL I just say my mom’s living in New York. I don’t like to tell
them where she is.
JOHN STOSSEL Compared to other countries, America does lock lots of
People up. More than a million are arrested on drug charges every year. And now
about half a million are behind bars–just for drugs, not for doing
anything violent.
MANUEL What I did was harm to myself. I’ve never done harm to anybody in
My life.
JOHN STOSSEL (VO) Manuel’s is in jail for using drugs.(OC) Well, at
Least this will protect you from hurting yourself more. It’ll teach you a
lesson.
MANUEL Jails are crowded with drugs. I mean, you get them as–just as
Easy as you do here as you do on the outside (sic).
JOHN STOSSEL (VO) These others are in for dealing.
14TH MAN I was jut doing it to support my habit.
JOHN STOSSEL By locking you up, at least we got rid of a dealer in your
neighborhood.
15TH MAN I’m just one person. There’s a thousand more who are going to
follow my–in my footsteps and take my place.
JOHN STOSSEL (VO) In many neighborhoods, when a dealer is locked up,
it’s not a deterrent. It’s a job opening.
JOSEPH KANE These drugs are so profitable that you take Tony off the
street, Tony’s kid brother is selling the drugs the next day. Now, you
put Tony away, then you get the kid brother and then you get the cousin, and
then you get–why would they stop doing that?
JOHN STOSSEL (VO) They don’t stop doing it. So some people say, why have
this war?
6TH WOMAN (Protesting) Stop the drug war! Sixty years and we haven’t
won!
It’s time to quit!
JOHN STOSSEL (VO) They say they should be able to do what they want with
their own bodies.
GROUP OF PROTESTORS (Chanting) It’s my body. It’s my choice.
JOHN STOSSEL (VO) They say they ought to have the right to choose their
intoxicants.
16TH MAN Do you know nobody has ever died from smoking a joint anywhere
in history?
JOHN STOSSEL (VO) This man lit up right in front of the cops.
16TH MAN It’s not–it’s not…
JOHN STOSSEL You’re willing to go to jail?
16TH MAN It’s not about the marijuana. It’s about the freedom. I have
the right to make up my mind without interference from the government.
5TH WOMAN There is no risk to the population when a person sits in their
living room at the end of a long day’s work and lights up a joint.
JOHN STOSSEL But it make us stupid. It makes you lazy.
5TH WOMAN Well–well–I don’t think I’m stupid, I don’t think I’m lazy.
And I’m a responsible adult. I’m an attorney, I pay my taxes. I live a good,
clean life, and if I feel like smoking a joint when I feel like it,
that’s my business.
JOSEPH KANE We’re making people criminals by calling it an illegal
substance. You have a narcotic agent, literally, with a very dangerous
substance in his hand called alcohol–(mimics drinking)–and another
dangerous substance–(mimics smoking)–and tell you, `Say no to drugs.’
And that’s a–I mean, we don’t even see the hypocrisy of that.
JOHN STOSSEL (VO) At this rally, there were lots of police. They
Arrested anyone they saw with marijuana. In this age of terrorism, I have to
Wonder why were they here, so many of them? (OC) Do you ever wish you were out
chasing terrorists?
15TH POLICE OFFICER I’d rather be here than chasing terrorists, you
know, definitely.
JOHN STOSSEL Is this sort of a waste of your valuable time? I mean, are
these people a threat?
16TH POLICE OFFICER No, not at all. They’re just–something they want to
do. I mean, they’re not really a threat to us or a threat to–to each
other.
JOHN STOSSEL Why is it illegal then?
16TH POLICE OFFICER I’m not the one that makes the laws. I just enforce
them. Why is it illegal? I don’t know. I have no idea.
JOHN STOSSEL All right.
17TH POLICE OFFICER Because it gets you high.
JOHN STOSSEL Is the drug war a war we should be fighting? Is there a
Better idea?
ANNOUNCER Europe’s new anti-drug slogan: Just say yes. Legal drugs.
17TH MAN It’s normal.
ANNOUNCER When John Stossel returns. (Commercial break)
ANNOUNCER War On Drugs, A War On Ourselves, continues.
JOHN STOSSEL There’s no question that drugs often do terrible things to
people. Lives have been wrecked. But the drug war wrecks lives, too,
costs billions, creates crime. Is there another way? Much of Europe now says
yes.
(VO) What would happen if we legalize drugs? (OC) Well, here in Holland,
in Amsterdam, it’s already happened. Using marijuana is legal here. What’s
that done? (VO) Holland now has dozens of `coffee shops’ they call them
where marijuana is officially tolerated.
18TH MAN Did you try that grass yesterday?
19TH MAN Yes, I did, as a matter of fact.
JOHN STOSSEL (VO) Red’s a regular user. She smokes several joints a day.
(OC) Every day?
RED Every day.
JOHN STOSSEL (VO) Red’s now a manager at this coffee shop which offers a
menu of marijuana choices from joints to chocolates.
RED Chocolate bonbons. We have them in all three kinds of chocolate made
with weed butter added to it.
18TH MAN How much would you like?
20TH MAN Just a gram.
JOHN STOSSEL (VO) The police do regulate the marijuana sales. Shops may
sell no more than about five joints’ worth per person, and they’re not
allowed to sell to miners. And no hard drugs are allowed, just hash and
marijuana.
19TH MAN That’s good weed.
JOHN STOSSEL (VO) So what’s the result? Is everyone getting stoned? No.
In America today 38 percent of adolescents have smoked pot. But here in
Holland, it’s only 20 percent.
JAMES GRAY They’ve taken the glamour out of it. In fact, the minister of
health of Holland has said, `We’ve succeeded in making pot boring.’
JOHN STOSSEL (VO) Maybe that’s why half the people we talked to in these
coffee shops turned out to be American. (OC) You don’t feel bad breaking
your country’s laws?
21ST MAN No, I don’t. No, I don’t.
JOHN STOSSEL Why?
21ST MAN Because I don’t see anything wrong with it.
RED The whole point about it is that it’s a fun drug. It makes you feel
really nice. It doesn’t make you violent. It makes you relaxed. It makes
you giggly.
JOHN STOSSEL So if it’s such a good thing, why is it illegal in most of
The world?
RED You tell me.
GEORGE W BUSH Drug use threatens everything. Everything.
JOHN STOSSEL (VO) In America, there’s little interest in legalizing any
drug.
FORMER PRESIDENT BILL CLINTON I am adamantly opposed.
JOHN STOSSEL (VO) Officials talk about fighting a stronger war.
SENATOR TRENT LOTT, REPUBLICAN, MISSISSIPPI We call it a drug war, and
Yet it was not war.
JOHN STOSSEL (VO) Once President Clinton’s surgeon general dared suggest
legalization might reduce crime.
DR JOYCELYN ELDERS (From file footage) I don’t know all the
Ramifications of this, and I do feel we need to do some studies. (To reporter) Heaven knows I never had so much rain fall on me about what I considered a
Fairly simple, innocuous statement.
22ND MAN The best way for Dr. Elders to promote the public health needs
of this country is to resign.
JOHN STOSSEL (VO) Not even discussing legalization has roughly been US
policy for 30 years. As Los Angeles’ former police chief put it…
WILLIE WILLIAMS It’s simply wrong and it should not be even discussed
Here in America.
JOHN STOSSEL You’re not even supposed to talk about it?
JOYCELYN ELDERS Well, I guess you aren’t. Nobody talks about it. And of
course, how can you ever fix anything if you can’t even talk about it?
JOHN STOSSEL (VO) And most official talk about Holland’s law condemns
it.`It’s a failure,’ said the last drug czar. `An unmitigated disaster.’
(OC)
Is it really? That’s not what we heard here in Amsterdam. This isn’t
Even controversial anymore?
17TH MAN It’s normal.
JON FOSTER, GREY AREA COFFEE SHOP Dutch clients will pick up a small
Amount of cannabis, the same way they would pick up a bottle of wine in the
store.
JOHN STOSSEL (VO) Rotterdam Police Superintendent Jur Verbeeks says kids
are going to try marijuana, legal or not. (OC) If you close down the
coffee shops, they wouldn’t be able to get it. JUR VERBEEKS Where will the
young people go, tell me, please?
JOHN STOSSEL Maybe they’ll give up marijuana?
JUR VERBEEKS Oh they are curious. And when there are no coffee shops,
They will go to the illegal houses and then the dealer says, `OK, you want to
have marijuana. Good, but we have cocaine as well. And we he heroin for
you.’
JOHN STOSSEL (VO) That was a reason for the Dutch experiment with
marijuana, to separate soft drugs from the more dangerous hard drugs.
But in Holland, some people are experimenting with how to deal with hard
Drugs, too. Check out what’s going on inside this church. In the basement
they’re buying heroin and injecting it right in the church. The police know
about
this, but don’t stop it. (OC) So already you feel it?
23RD MAN Yeah.
JOHN STOSSEL Feel good? (Man nods)
JOHN STOSSEL (VO) This is happening in Hans Fisher’s church.
HANS FISHER It does not mean that I agree the use of dangerous drugs.
JOHN STOSSEL You’re a drug dealer. You’re allowing people to deal in
Your church.
HANS FISHER I am not a drug dealer. I am not involved in the dealing of
drugs.
JOHN STOSSEL You’re inviting them into the house of the Lord. You’re
the–you’re the landlord who lets it go on.
HANS FISHER The church is for sick and poor people. In my opinion, drug
addicts are sick. We have responsibility for them.
JOHN STOSSEL (VO) What Fisher’s doing is illegal in Holland. Using hard
drugs isn’t forbidden, but selling is. Fisher only allows addicted
people who follow certain rules to use drugs at the church, and police look the
other way.
JUR VERBEEKS When we interfere, then the problem is more bigger.
JOHN STOSSEL (VO) Inside the church, addicts buy drugs from a few
Dealers that Fisher selects. They buy through this window which replicates the
illegal buy they’re used to. It also prevents greedy addicts from
grabbing too much. Then, three times a day, they’re allowed to use the smoking
room or the injection room.
23RD MAN You have headache, you take medicines for your headache. I take
medicines. This, for me, a medicine.
JOHN WALTERS Most societies, if they’ve tolerated this, have tolerated
It because it affects a part of the population that they don’t care about
Or manage not to care about.
JOHN STOSSEL (VO) America’s drug czar, John Walters, says these user
Rooms are a terrible idea.
JOHN WALTERS We want to make people well. We don’t want–we don’t want
To settle for institutions that just allow people to be addicted more
safely.
JOHN STOSSEL (VO) This doesn’t look like a good life, but at least
Instead of being street criminals searching for a fix, it allows addicts to hold jobs and support families. This woman says one shot of heroin and she
Can go to work. (OC) So, you can do your job stoned?
7TH WOMAN No, no, no, no, no. If I am stoned they send me at home.
JOHN STOSSEL But you come here, you get high.
7TH WOMAN No. Listen, I take only–I have my use under control. Before I
had this job, I maybe take eight times a day or 10 times a day, I take a
shoot. But now I only once take a shoot a day. So it’s only….
JOHN STOSSEL Just–just because this place is making…
7TH WOMAN It’s only to make me feel normal.
JOHN STOSSEL (VO) What the Dutch are doing makes sense to Judge Gray.
JAMES GRAY They’re addressing it as managers. We address it as
moralizers.
We address it as a character issue, and if you fail that test, we put
You in prison. They are removing the criminal element. They have a lower
Drug problem. They have a lower crime problem. They have fewer people in
prison.
JOHN STOSSEL What started here in Holland has now spread. Today, police
Now in most of Europe ignore marijuana use. In Spain, Italy and Luxemburg
they’ve decriminalized most drug use, and in Portugal recently, all
drugs use. (VO) That’s not to say that all the experiments succeed.
Switzerland once tried what became known as Needle Park, a place where anyone could use any drug.
8TH WOMAN It was just junky park. There were, like, 500, 2,000 people
every day there who would just, like, use drugs or deal drugs.
JOHN STOSSEL (VO) It attracted crime because it became a magnet for
Junkies from all over Europe. And in Amsterdam, ABC’s hidden camera shows
legalizing marijuana shops doesn’t stop people from selling illegal
drugs.
24TH MAN (From hidden camera) I have heroin, I have cocaine, I have
ecstasy.
JOHN STOSSEL (VO) Critics say Holland has become an island of drug use.
25TH MAN (From hidden camera) Ecstasy, coke.
26TH MAN (From hidden camera) 25TH MAN One hundred per gram.
JOHN STOSSEL (VO) But while this does happen, the use of drugs in
Holland and all Europe is still lower by far than in the US, and European
Countries are proposing even more liberalization. American politicians have shown little interest in that.
ASA HUTCHINSON We in America should have a different approach. We should
discourage drug use and we should try to enforce our laws.
JOHN STOSSEL But we’ve been trying that now for 30 years and we still
have addicts.
ASA HUTCHINSON We’ve been trying it for 30 years and we’ve had an
extraordinary amount of success. And yes, we still have addicts. Which
means, it’s a very difficult problem that we’re trying to achieve.
JOHN STOSSEL (VO) He showed us a headline from a British newspaper.
This, he says, demonstrates that liberalization hasn’t worked.
ASA HUTCHINSON “Drugs fuel crime rise.”
JOHN STOSSEL But the crime part is caused by prohibition. This article
Is about heroin crime, and heroin is still illegal there. If it were legal
people wouldn’t be committing crime to pay for it.
ASA HUTCHINSON Well, let’s talk about that. After prohibition ended, did
the criminal element, did organized crime go out? No, organized crime
continued. JOHN STOSSEL But it diminished.
ASA HUTCHINSON It shifted. They moved to other elements of crime. You do
not win in these efforts by giving in.
JOHN STOSSEL “Giving in.” By that he means legalizing. Some thoughts
About that when we return. (Commercial break)
ANNOUNCER War On Drugs, A War On Ourselves, continues. Once again, John
Stossel.
JOHN STOSSEL How many wars can America fight? Now that we’re at war
Against terrorism, can we also afford to fight a drug war against millions of
Our own people? Is it wise to fight on two fronts?
5TH OFFSCREEN VOICE (From video) (Unintelligible)…platoon, 3:00.
You’re on the other hill.
JOHN STOSSEL (VO) The last time America engaged in a war of this length
Was Vietnam. And then, too, government put a positive spin on success of the
war.
FORMER PRESIDENT LYNDON B JOHNSON (From file footage) Now, America wins
The wars that she undertakes, make no mistake about it.
JOHN STOSSEL (VO) We’ve heard the same kind of optimism about the drug
war.
FORMER PRESIDENT RONALD REAGAN (From file footage) And we’re beginning
To win the crusade for a drug-free America.
JOHN STOSSEL (VO) But today more people have doubts.
JAMES GRAY It’s the legitimate function of government to protect us from
each other. But where government goes astray is where we try to protect
us from ourselves. It makes as much sense to me to put this actor, Robert
Downey Jr., in jail for his drug abuse as it would have Betty Ford in
Jail for her alcohol abuse. It’s really no different. Hold people accountable
for what they do, but not for what they put into their bodies.
JOHN STOSSEL (VO) Why not sell drugs the way we do alcohol, he says, but
maybe with more restrictions.
JAMES GRAY Make it available to adults. Brown packaging, no glamour,
Take the–the illegal money out of it. And then furnish it, holding people
accountable for what they do. These drugs are too dangerous not to
control.
JOHN STOSSEL (VO) Legal drugs. That’s a frightening thought. Maybe more
people would try them. Judge Gray says even if they did, that would do
less harm than the war we’ve been fighting for the past 30 years.
JAMES GRAY What we’re doing now has failed. In fact, it’s hopeless. This
Is a failed system that we simply must change.
JOHN STOSSEL Drugs do hurt people. But isn’t the drug war worse? That’s
Our broadcast for tonight. I’m John Stossel. Good night.
ANNOUNCER For more information on War On Drugs, A War On Ourselves, go
To www.abcnews.com
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Distributed without profit to those who have expressed a prior interest
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MAP posted-by: Richard Lake
Sundhedsstyrelsen udsender national handlingsplan til forebyggelse af hepatitis C blandt stofmisbrugere
Sundhedsstyrelsen har sendt sin nationale handlingsplan til forebyggelse af hepatitis C blandt stofmisbrugere til alle danske kommuner. Sundhedsstyrelsen anbefaler, at indsatsen øges ved, at kommunerne iværksætter følgende to nye lokale initiativer:
1) Kommunen skal sikre en systematisk gennemførelse af de tiltag, som allerede bør indgå i den lægelige stof-misbrugsbehandling og forebyggende indsats mod narkotikamisbrug – eksempelvis af en særlig, lokalt udpeget tovholder. Det drejer sig om
oplysning og rådgivning om forebyggelse af blodbåren smitte til stofmisbrugere, hvad enten de findes smittede eller ej
screening for hepatitis A, B og C samt HIV
vaccination mod hepatitis A og B
henvisning til behandling.
2) Kommunen bør sikre, at der for hvert af de behand-lingssteder, som kommunen benytter, hvert år udarbejdes en status for implementering af handlingsplanen, så indsatsen inden for både forebyggelse, undersøgelse og behandling kan vurderes.
Kronisk leverbetændelse (hepatitis) forårsaget af hepatitis C virus er særdeles udbredt blandt danske stofmis-brugere. Smitte sker via blod på grund af dårlig hygiejne i forbindelse med genbrug af injektionsudstyr. Kronisk infektion kan over en årrække medføre udvikling af skrumpelever og leverkræft.
Kommunerne vil blive kompenseret med 5,6 mio. kr. årligt fra 2007 og fremefter som følge af planen.
Hepatitis Foreningen Dato: 24.09.2007
Så er der rapport fra Teknologirådetom heroin på recept.
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5. september 2007
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Høringsrapport: ’Lægeordineret heroin’
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| Rapporten fra Folketingshøringen om lægeordineret heroin kan nu downloades.
På vegne af Folketingets Socialudvalg og Sundhedsudvalg arrangerede Teknologirådet den 25. maj 2007 en høring om lægeordineret heroin. Formålet med høringen var at skabe rum for en dialog mellem oplægsholdere og politikere omkring de potentielle effekter af danske forsøgsordninger med lægeordineret heroin for hårdt belastede stofmisbrugere.Høringen tog afsæt i en række internationale erfaringer med lægeordineret heroin. Tre internationale anerkendte eksperter fremlagde resultaterne af forsøgsordninger med lægeordineret heroin fra deres respektive lande; Schweiz, Holland og Tyskland. I forlængelse af de internationale erfaringer satte høringen fokus på de sociale og sundhedsmæssige afledte effekter af lægeordineret heroin. Herudover blev lægeordineret heroin placeret i en bredere samfundsmæssig kontekst, hvor blandt andet misbrugsrelateret kriminalitet og moralske overvejelser blev debatteret. Afslutningsvis lagde høringen op til en diskussion af de mere konkrete faktorer i forbindelse med en eventuel etablering af forsøgsordninger med lægeordineret heroin i Danmark. De skriftlige indlæg i forbindelse med høringen kan læses i høringsrapporten, som også indeholder et resumé samt et redigeret udskrift af høringen. LINK TIL PODCAST FRA HØRINGEN FINDES NEDERST PÅ SIDEN. Berit Aadal, projektleder, tlf.: 3345 5390 Eva Glejtrup, projektsekretær, tlf.: 3345 5354 |
| Høringsrapport (PDF)Podcast fra høringen
Nyhedsbrevet Fra rådet til tinget nr. 243: Lægeordineret heroin nu |
| Teknologirådet Antonigade 4 1106 København K Telefon (Åben mellem 9-16) 33 32 05 03 Fax 33 91 05 09 tekno@tekno.dk |
28. juni 2007.
Krigen mod narkotika er slut
Af: Michael Lodberg Olsen
Debatindlæg: 26. juni var det international FN dag: ”International dag mod misbrug af og handel med narkotika”. Hvordan går det så – kampen mod narko set fra et vindue på Vesterbro på en tirsdag i juni?
Det er svært at se væk fra sin egen lille gade, når man bor på indre Vesterbro i København og ikke kan se problemet for bare kanyler. Her har vi i over 35 år set konsekvensen af den politik der er på området.
Vi er dagligt vidner til: Hvordan velfærdssamfundets masker er for store eller mangelfulde. – Til hvordan folk ser ud og agerer når de når derud, hvor narkotika ikke er det problem samfundet ser det som – men løsningen.
Vesterbro er også historien om en situation med nogle af de mest udsatte stofbrugere i landet der i over 35 år har levet under utrolig dårlige forhold og bliver behandlet utrolig dårligt.
Et eksempel som også har været omtalt her i bladet er forbudszoner hvor stofbrugerne ikke må opholde sig. Eller toiletter. På nogle af de få væresteder der findes må de ikke benytte sig af toiletterne – de er overladt til toiletbesøg på gaden på indre Vesterbro.
Ikke sært der er en konflikt mellem stofbrugerne og lokalområdet.
Lidt væk fra gaden følger strømmen af forfølgelse og umyndiggørelse stofbrugerne:
I Politikens Nudanske Ordbog står der: En narkoman er: ”en person der er forfalden til brug af euforiserende stoffer”; narkomani er ”en sygelig trang til bedøvende eller euforiserende stoffer”.
Forfalden og sygelige mennesker. Godt det ikke er mig!
Lidt længere væk i ministerierne og folketinget diskuterer man, hvordan man kan lave en bedre forebyggende indsats overfor de unge, der efter de voksnes opfattelse aldrig før har taget så mange stoffer. Et utal af kampagner og forebyggende tiltag preller af på de unge.
Og lige i hælene på stofferne fra de producerende lande til sælgere foran diskoteket i Nr. Snede eller på min gade på Vesterbro følger død og ødelæggelse, fattigdom og kriminalitet.
Kampen mod narko hedder regeringens plan mod brug og salg af narkotika. Ved en stram og vedholden politik skal det nok lykkes. Det gør også at vi er tilbage på 1995 niveau med 275 narkotikarelaterede dødsfald i Danmark om året.
Man skønner at der er mellem 15.000 – 20.000 stofbrugere (eller narkomaner som det stadig hedder i Socialministeriet) i Danmark. Samtidig er over 500.000 danskere fuldtidsmedicineret af sove- og nervemedicin og 200.000 andre på lykkepiller, potenspræparater og anabolske steroider. Hertil kommer 300.000 alkoholikerne der fixer sig på cafeer, barer, arbejdspladser, i bilen og derhjemme.
Kampen er slut. I et land hvor de gennem snart mange år har kørt en fredsproces overfor stofbrugerne og etableret brugerrum (fixerum) og tilbyder lægeordineret heroin til de dårligste, er der sket en ændring af opfattelsen af stoffer i samfundet. Dr. Jürgen Rehm, direktør, Institut für Sucht und Gesundheitsforschung, Zürich var i Danmark 25. maj i år, hvor Sundheds- og Socialudvalget havde en høring (igen) om lægeordineret heroin. Han fortæller, at i takt med de skadesreducerende tiltag har borgerne i Schweiz ændret deres holdning overfor hårde stoffer. Gennem processen de sidste mange år er holdningen til hårde stoffer blevet skærpet og folk tager generel mere afstand til de hårde stoffer!
Tiden må være inde. Kampen mod narkotika er slut. – Narkoen vandt. Lad os etablere fred. Kampen bliver en kamp menneske mod menneske og ikke mod narkotikaen!
En kamp der fører til større kvæstelser, flere tabte menneskeliv og tab af penge end hvis vi starter en fredsproces, hvor vi kan gå i dialog og samarbejde om at skabe en stærk indsats, for at mindske skaderne og for en professionel hjælp til afhængighed.
Adressen til denne artikkelen er: http://www.aftenposten.no/meninger/debatt/article1624055.ece
Forkast forbudspolitikken
Vår kamp for legalisering av narkotika innebærer et ønske om innføring av restriksjoner på hele rusmiddelfeltet.
Av Stein Hoftvedt, nestleder, og Arild Knutsen, leder, Foreningen for human narkotikapolitikk (Først publisert: 02.02.07 | Oppdatert: 31.01.07 kl. 20:04)
KRENKENDE POLITIKK. Iblant er det vel så farlig for omgivelsene å kjøre for sakte som å kjøre for fort. Det samme gjelder ved sosiale og politiske reformer. I narkotikapolitikken er slik innsikt særlig etterlengtet og Nils Christie burde være av de første til å forstå det.
I A-magasinet 5. januar kritiserer Christie kriminaliseringen av rusmiddelbrukere, men anbefaler bare avkriminalisering. Det vil innebære at de aktuelle rusmidlene fremdeles er forbudte, men at reaksjonene mot siste ledd, brukerne, mildnes. Det samme gjelder organisasjonen NORMAL (Norsk Organisasjon for Reform av Marihuanalovgivningen).
Unge Venstre ser ut til å se svakheten ved avkriminalisering. På forrige landsmøte fattet de vedtak om legalisering gjennom å gi rusmiddelbrukere kontrollert og lovlig tilgang, men begrenser til gjengjeld dette til de “avhengige”. Slik blir de stående igjen med noe som ligner legeforskrevet heroin for de som ikke er motivert for vanlig behandling. Dette er i seg selv radikalt i Norge, men angriper bare en flik av problemet.
Salongradikal retorikk.
Nils Christie er en foregangsmann i kritikken av narkotikapolitikken. Da han sammen med Ketil Bruun ga ut boken “Den gode fiende” i 1985, fikk debatten endelig et solid faglig grunnlag. Det ligger likevel en salongradikal skygge over retorikken. Christie vil så gjerne ha et passende “tett” samfunn med en “passende” mengde kriminalitet, og ingenting ville vært bedre. Men hva skal vi gjøre når samfunnet farer i stikk motsatt retning?
De stadig illegale rusmidlene er nå tilgjengelige over hele landet og fengslene fungerer som høyskoler i rusmiddelbruk for flertallet av de innsatte. De eneste gjeldende begrensninger på kriminaliseringen av brukere, skyldes politiets og fengselsvesenets generelle kapasitet.
Justisministeren har, som sin forgjenger, få andre tiltak å by på enn å dømme til behandling og bygge flere fengsler. Myndighetene har innført det de kaller narkotikadomstol der rusmiddelbrukere dømmes til behandling istedenfor fengsel. Dette illustrerer at de har sluttet seg til en etterlengtet anerkjennelse av at fengselsstraff ikke er løsningen, men hverken denne reformen eller generell avkriminalisering vil hindre rekruttering eller sosial utstøtelse.
Illegal virksomhet.
Forbudet mot alle “nye” rusmidler har ført til enorm vekst i illegal virksomhet. Ikke bare utgjør “narkotikaforbrytelser” ca. 40 prosent av pådømte kriminalsaker, men en stor del av tyverier, ran og voldssaker stammer fra samme virksomhet. Generelt har narkotikalovgivningen skapt en vidtfavnende forvitring av respekten for loven blant en betydelig andel av befolkningen.
Vår kamp for legalisering innebærer et ønske om innføring av gode norske restriksjoner på hele rusmiddelfeltet. Forbudspolitikken er ansvarsløs og krenkende. Det er ingen aldersgrenser, begrensede salgssteder, reklameforbud, eller andre restriksjoner. Det er forebyggingsarbeid med straffementalitet i bunnen, uten gjensidig tillit.
Restriktiv regulering.
Man kan forstå andres nølende og forsiktige skritt mot vitenskapelig basert politikk ut fra “realpolitisk” tenkning, men avkriminalisering har små og vanskelig målbare resultater, og vil lett bli reversert om den politiske balansen skulle svinge bare litt. Det er en undervurdering av vanlige folks fatteevne å tro at de vil reagere negativt på godt begrunnede helhetsløsninger som går til problemets rot og skroter forbudspolitikken som sådan.
Det er grunn til å minne om at det ikke var kollektiv sprittørst som førte til opphevelsen av tyvetallets alkoholforbud, men at det store publikum så at konsekvensene ikke var til å leve med. Legalisering betyr å ta et dristig trekk: Å fjerne grunnlaget for svartebørsen. Deretter vil rusmiddelprodusenter anerkjennes – og handelsavtaler opprettes og forbudet erstattes med et fornuftig og verdig system for større og mindre grader av restriktiv regulering, med de mulighetene for sosialpolitiske intervensjoner det vil gi.
Vejledning om anvendelse af injicerbar metadon i forbindelse med substitutions-behandling
1 Indledning
I en aftale som regeringen og satspuljepartierne har indgået om udmøntning af satspuljen for 2006 på narkotikaområdet er der afsat midler til indførelse af metadoninjektion som behandlings-mulighed. I aftalen forudsættes en koordineret monitorering af behandlingsformen. På den baggrund har Sundhedsstyrelsen udarbejdet denne vejledning, der er et supplement til styrelsens cirkulære nr. 12 af den 13. januar 2003 med tilhørende vejledning om lægers ordination af afhængighedsskabende lægemidler. Formålet med vejledningen er nærmere at præcisere den omhu og samvittigheds-fuldhed, lægen skal udvise i forbindelse med behandling med injicerbar metadon. I vejledningen beskrives, på hvilken indikation injicerbar metadon kan gives, hvilke undersøgelser lægen skal foretage, inden behandlingen iværksættes, samt krav til selve behandlingen, herunder de organisatoriske rammer herfor, og den løbende registrering. Forud for behandlingen indhentes patientens informerede samtykke. Til brug for indhentelse af skriftligt samtykke
, herunder til vilkårene for behandlingen og videregivelsen af data til Sundheds-styrelsen, vedlægges som bilag til denne vejledning en samtykkeerklæring. Såfremt en læge finder det relevant at anvende injicerbar metadon i forbindelse med substitutionsbehandling, skal behandlingen indberettes til Sundhedsstyrelsen ved en systematisk monitorering af helbredsstatus og misbrugsproblematikken, se pkt. 5.
2 Indikation for behandlingen
Behandling med injicerbar metadon kan benyttes til patienter, der trods langvarig substitutionsbehandling og psykosocial støtte, fortsat har en massiv intravenøs brug af ordinerede eller illegale stoffer, og som har eller er truet af alvorlige helbreds-mæssige komplikationer på grund af dette. Formålet med behandlingen er i første omgang alene at forebygge en forværring af patienternes helbredstilstand og på sigt opnå en forbedring af patienternes livskvalitet såvel helbredsmæssigt som socialt. Hvis patienten har holdt pause i behandlingen med den intravenøse metadon i mere end 3 mån
eder, skal indikationen for behandlingen vurderes på ny. Behandling med injicerbar metadon må ikke anvendes til gravide kvinder. Indikationen for behandling med injicerbar metadon journalføres med angivelse af de pågældende psykiske og somatiske helbredsmæssige forhold, inkl. WHO ICD10-diagnoser.
3 Lægeundersøgelser
3.1 Inden behandlingen iværksættes Før behandling med injicerbar metadon påbegyndes, skal der foretages en læge-undersøgelse, herunder registrering af eventuelle injektionsskader, EKG samt blodprøvescreening for hiv og hepatitis, såfremt patienten ikke allerede er konstateret smittet.
3.2 Under behandlingen
Det skal løbende undersøges, om patienten får injektionsskader, herunder phlebit, sår, endokardit, mv. Det første år foretages undersøgelse hver 3. måned, derefter hvert halve år. Blodprøvescreening for hiv og hepatitis skal gentages minimum hvert halve år, medmindre patienten allerede er konstateret smittet. Observationer og resultater af undersøgelser journalføres løbende.
4 Dosering, administrationsform, organisatoriske og fysiske rammer, mv.
Injektionen foretages af patienten selv, medmindre lægen finder, at der skal ydes sundhedsfaglig bistand hertil. Behandling med injicerbar metadon forudsætter, at patienten har anvendelig intravenøs adgang. Det bemærkes, at venerne på halsen ikke må benyttes. Der anvendes som udgangspunkt samme dosis som ved peroral administration. Administrationsformen er Inj. Metadon 10 mg/ml. Det bemærkes, at patienten til enhver tid kan få de ækvivalente doser udleveret til peroral indtagelse. Administrationsformen skal løbende journalføres med angivelse af daglig mængde injicerbar henholdsvis peroral metadon. Injektionen skal som udgangspunkt finde sted på behandlingsstedet. Der skal ved behov kunne tilkaldes læge. For at sikre den nødvendige diskretion og hygiejniske standard skal injektionen foregå adskilt fra den øvrige medicinudlevering. I de første 2 uger skal injektionen foregå under overværelse af en sundhedsperson og der må i denne periode ikke gives metadon til injektion med hjem. Perioden skal dels bruges til e
ventuel dosis-justering, dels til undervisning i hygiejne, injektionsteknik, risici, mv. Hvis lægen herefter skønner, at patienten selv kan administrere medicineringen forsvarligt, kan der gives tag-hjem-doser. Der skal udvises særlig agtpågivenhed i forbindelse med udlevering af injicerbar metadon til ferier og udlandsrejser.
5 Monitorering af behandlingen ved spørgeskemaundersøgelser
Med henblik på Sundhedsstyrelsens evaluering af behandlingsformen skal der foretages en systematisk registrering, som løbende indberettes til Sundheds-styrelsen. Registreringen består i, at patienten dels ved behandlingens påbegyndelse, dels løbende, interviewes om helbredsstatus ved brug af SF-36 spørgeskemaet samt Sundhedsstyrelsens spørgeskema vedrørende aktuelle sociale forhold og misbrugs-problematikken. Skemaerne ligger på Sundhedsstyrelsens hjemmeside www.sst.dk (http://www.sst.dk/Formular/Metadon/Formular.aspx) som en fælles webformular, der skal benyttes ved indberetning til Sundhedsstyrelsen. Det første år foretages interview hver 3. måned, derefter hvert halve år. Lægen skal i forbindelse med det første interview oplyse patienten om, at dataind-samlingen sker med henblik på Sundhedsstyrelsens evaluering af behandlings-formen, at besvarelserne derfor indberettes til Sundhedsstyrelsen og at denne dataindsamling er en forudsætning for behandlingen, se § 28 i lov om behandling af pers
onoplysninger (persondataloven). Endvidere skal lægen orientere patienten om, at denne har ret til indsigt i de oplysninger, der behandles om den pågældende i Sundhedsstyrelsen, se § 31 i persondataloven.
6 Evaluering
Vejledningen vil blive evalueret ved udgangen af 2007.
Sundhedsstyrelsen, den 25. juli 2006
Anne Mette Dons Overlæge,
Kontorchef
Bodil Dejgaard
Fuldmægtig
Bilag: Samtykkeerklæring
Behandlingsinstitution
Navn
Adresse
Undertegnede
Navn
CPR-NR
Adresse
har modtaget information om behandling med intravenøs metadon og på det grundlag givet samtykke til behandlingen.
Jeg accepterer herudover, at det er en betingelse for behandlingen:
A) At der skal foretages
• lægeundersøgelser inkl. EKG samt blodprøvescreening for hiv og hepatitis A, B og C før behandlingsstart
• lægeundersøgelser hver 3. måned det første år, herefter hvert halve år
• blodprøvescreening for hiv og hepatitis A, B og C hvert halve år, medmindre jeg allerede er konstateret smittet.
B) At jeg selv skal foretage injektionen af den ordinerede metadon i henhold til lægens anvisninger og at behandlingen ophører, hvis dette ikke er muligt for mig. I givet fald overgår jeg til peroral behandling. Dette gælder dog ikke, hvis lægen finder, at der skal ydes sundhedsfaglig bistand hertil.
C) At behandlingen vil blive indstillet, hvis der opstår livstruende komplikationer under behandlingen, der kan tilskrives intravenøs indgift af metadon.
D) At jeg i øvrigt accepterer behandlingsinstitutionens rammer for behandlingen, herunder for fremmødehyppighed.
E) At jeg skal deltage i spørgeskemaundersøgelser ved brug af SF-36 spørgeskema om helbredsstatus og Sundhedsstyrelsens spørgeskema vedrørende aktuelle sociale forhold og misbrug hver 3. måned.
F) At de under
E) nævnte data indberettes til Sundhedsstyrelsen med henblik på styrelsens vurdering af behandlingsformen.
________ __________________________
Dato Underskrift
Af Nanna W. Gotfredsen, Gadejuristen, 25. februar 2007
Heroin (latin; heronium, af græsk heros, helt) er et morfinpræparat, der ved en forholdsvis enkel proces udvindes af opium (fra opiumvalmuen Papaver Somniferum).
Opiumsanvendelse har været dokumenteret i 5000 år. Oldtidens egyptere kendte også opium som lægemiddel. I den antikke medicin og ind i vor tid, er opiumpræparater betragtet som universalmidler og er ifølge ældre tiders farmakopéer blevet anvendt som beroligende og smertestillende midler mod diaré, slangebid, astma, hoste, epilepsi, kolik, urinvejsbesvær, urolige børn, børns ”ondt for tænder”, og hovedpine. Opiumsrygning begyndte at finde sted i Europa og Asien i begyndelsen af 1500-tallet. På det tidspunkt opdagede man at opium, ligesom det nyopdagede rusmiddel tobak, kunne ryges i pibe1.
LÆS DEN FULDE ARTIKEL HER: http://www.gadejuristen.dk/pdf/Faktaogforsoeg.pdf
“AYERS CHERRY PECTORAL
LÆS DEN FULDE ARTIKEL HER: http://www.gadejuristen.dk/pdf/Faktaogforsoeg.pdf